« » ‹ › ‘ ’ “ ” „ ‚ ❝ ❞ £ ¥ € $ ¢ ¬ ¶ @ § ® ©™ ° × π ± √ ‰ Ω ∞ ≈ ÷ ~ ≠ ¹ ² ³ ½ ¼ ¾ ‐ – — | ⁄ \ [ ] { } † ‡ … · • ● ⌘ ⌥ ⌃ ⇧ ↩ ¡ ※ ◊ ¿ ‽ ⁂ ∴ ∵ ◊ ※ ← → ↑ ↓ ☜ ☞ ☝ ☟ ✔ ★ ♺ ¤ ☼ ☂ ☺ ☹ ☃ ♠ ♦ ♣ ♥ ♪ ♫ ♯ ♀ ♂ α ß Á á À à Å å Ä ä Æ æ Ç ç É é È è Ê ê Í í Ì ì Î î Ñ ñ Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ø ø Ú ú Ù ù Ü ü Ž ž
The tables below list the most common character codes for text delimiters, accents, punctuation, numbers, and symbols.
Text delimiters:
| Character | ASCII | ISO/IEC 8859-1 (Decimal) |
Unicode (Hex) | HTML |
| ‘ ’ ′ |
U+2018 U+2019 U+2032 |
‘ ’ ′ |
||
| “ ” ″ |
U+201C U+201D U+2033 |
“ ” ″ |
||
| « » |
0171 0187 |
U+00AB U+00BB |
« » |
|
| ‹ › |
U+3008 U+3009 |
‹ › |
||
| † | U+2020 | † | ||
| ‡ | U+2021 | ‡ | ||
| " | 34 | 034 | U+0022 | " |
| # | 35 | 035 | U+0023 | # |
| $ | 36 | 036 | U+0024 | $ |
| % | 37 | 037 | U+0025 | % |
| & | 38 | 038 | U+0026 | & |
| ' | 39 | 039 | U+0027 | ' |
| ¢ (cent) | 0162 | U+00A2 | ¢ | |
| £ (Pound Sterling) | 0163 | U+00A3 | £ | |
| ¤ (Gen currency) | 0164 | U+00A4 | ¤ | |
| € (Euro/EU) | 0164 | U+20AC | € | |
| ¥ (Yen) | 0165 | U+00A5 | ¥ |
* The Unicode standard explicitly states that U+2019 is the preferred punctuation apostrophe (not U+0027).
Accents and Symbols
| Character | ASCII | ISO/IEC 8859-1 |
Unicode (hex) | HTML |
| ¦ | 0166 | U+00A6 | ¦ | |
| § (Section) | 0167 | U+00A7 | § | |
| ´ (Acute) [resumé] á Á é É í Í ó Ó ú Ú ý Ý |
0180 0225 / 0193 0233 / 0201 0237 / 0205 0243 / 0211 0250 / 0218 0253 / 0221 |
U+00B4 U+00E1 U+00C1 U+00E9 U+00C9 U+00ED U+00CD U+00F3 U+00D3 U+00FA U+00DA U+00FD U+00DD |
´ áÁ éÉ íÍ óÓ úÚ ýÝ |
|
| ^ ˆ (Circumflex) [château] â Â ê Ê î Î ô Ô û Û |
94
|
094 0226 / 0194 0234 / 0202 0238 / 0206 0244 / 0212 0251 / 0219 |
U+005E U+00E2 U+00C2 U+00EA U+00CA U+00EE U+00CE U+00F4 U+00D4 U+00FB U+00DB |
ˆ â â ê Ê î Î ô Ô û Û |
| ¨ (Umlaut/Dieresis) [naïve] ä Ä ë Ë ï Ï ö Ö ü Ü |
0168 0228 / 0196 0235 / 0203 0239 / 0207 0246 / 0214 0252 / 0220 |
U+00A8 U+00C4 U+00C4 U+00EB U+00CB U+00EF U+00CF U+00F6 U+00D6 U+00FC U+00DC |
¨ ä Ä ë Ë ï Ï ö Ö ü Ü |
|
| © | 0169 | U+00A9 | © | |
| ™ | U+2122 | ™ | ||
| ® | 0174 | U+00AE | ® | |
| ` (Grave) [voilà] à À è È ì Ì ò Ò ù Ù |
96 |
096 0224 / 0192 0232 / 0200 0236 / 0204 0242 / 0210 0249 / 0217 |
U+0060 U+00E0 U+00C0 U+00E8 U+00C8 U+00EC U+00CC U+00F2 U+00D2 U+00F9 U+00D9 |
(n.b. do not use the grave character as a left quote) à À è È ì Ì Ò Ò Ù Ù |
| ˜ ∼ (Tilde) [mañana] ã Ã ñ Ñ õ Õ |
126 |
0126 0227 / 0195 0241 / 0209 0245 / 0213 |
U+02DC U+007E U+00E3 U+00C3 U+00F1 U+00D1 U+00F5 U+00D5 |
˜ ∼ ã Ã ñ Ñ õ Õ |
| ¸ (Cedilla) [façade] ç Ç |
0184 0231 / 0199 |
U+00B8 U+00E7 U+00C7 |
¸ ç Ç |
On the Apple Macintosh, diacritical marks (Acute,Circumflex,Umlaut,Grave,Tilde,) can be entered with Option + <e,i,u,`,n> followed by the letter to modify, so for example Option+i, A will produce Â. To enter a Cedilla just use Option+C
Punctuation
| Character | ASCII | ISO/IEC 8859-1 |
Unicode | HTML |
| SP (Space Bar) | 32 | 032 | U+0020 |   |
| ! | 33 | 033 | U+0021 | ! |
| ( | 40 | 040 | U+0028 | ( |
| ) | 41 | 041 | U+0029 | ) |
| * | 42 | 042 | U+002A | * |
| + | 43 | 043 | U+002B | + |
| , (Comma) | 44 | 044 | U+002C | , |
| - (Hyphen/minus) | 45 | 045 | U+002D | - |
| . (Full Stop/period) | 46 | 046 | U+002E | . |
| … | U+2026 | … | ||
| / | 47 | 047 | U+002F | / |
| : (Colon) | 58 | 058 | U+003A | : |
| ; (Semicolon) | 59 | 059 | U+003B | ; |
| < | 60 | 060 | U+003C | < |
| = | 61 | 061 | U+003D | ≡ |
| 62 | 062 | U+003E | > | |
| ≤ ≥ | U+2264 / U+2265 | ≤ ≥ | ||
| ? | 63 | 063 | U+003F | ? |
| @ | 64 | 064 | U+0040 | @ |
| [ | 91 | 091 | U+005B | [ |
| \ | 92 | 092 | U+005C | \ |
| ] | 93 | 093 | U+005D | ] |
| _ | 95 | 095 | U+005F | _ |
| { | 123 | 0123 | U+007B | { |
| | | 124 | 0124 | U+007C | | |
| } | 125 | 0125 | U+007D | } |
| DEL (Delete) | 127 | 0127 | U+007F | |
| non breaking Space | 0160 | U+00A0 | | |
| ¡ (inverted Exclamation) | 0161 | U+00A1 | ¡ | |
| ª (feminine ordinal) | 0170 | U+00AA | ª | |
| ¬ (NOT sign) | 0172 | U+00AC | ¬ | |
| SHY(soft hyphen) | 0173 | U+00AD | ­ | |
| ¯ (Macron accent) | 0175 | U+00AF | ¯ | |
| ° | 0176 | U+00B0 | ° | |
| ± | 0177 | U+00B1 | ± | |
| µ (Micro) | 0181 | U+00B5 | µ | |
| ¶ (Paragraph) | 0182 | U+00B6 | ¶ | |
| · (middle dot) | 0183 | U+00B7 | · | |
| • | 7 | U+2022 | • | |
| ¸ (Cedilla) | 0184 | U+00B8 | ¸ | |
| º (Masculine Ordinal) | 0186 | U+00BA | º | |
| ¿ | 0191 | U+00BF | ¿ | |
| – | U+2013 | – | ||
| — | U+2014 | — | ||
| String Terminator | U+009C | |||
| π (PI) | U+203B | π | ||
| ← → ↑ ↓ |
U+2190 U+2192 U+2191 U+2193 |
← → ↑ ↓ |
||
| ☺ | U+263A | ☺ |
Numerics
| Character | ASCII | ISO/IEC 8859-1 |
Unicode | HTML |
| 0 | 48 | 048 | U+0030 | 0 |
| 1 | 49 | 049 | U+0031 | 1 |
| 2 | 50 | 050 | U+0032 | 2 |
| 3 | 51 | 051 | U+0033 | 3 |
| 4 | 52 | 052 | U+0034 | 4 |
| 5 | 53 | 053 | U+0035 | 5 |
| 6 | 54 | 054 | U+0036 | 6 |
| 7 | 55 | 055 | U+0037 | 7 |
| 8 | 56 | 056 | U+0038 | 8 |
| 9 | 57 | 057 | U+0039 | 9 |
| ¼ | 0188 | U+00BC | ¼ | |
| ½ | 0189 | U+00BD | ½ | |
| ¾ | 0190 | U+00BE | ¾ | |
| ¹ | 0185 | U+00B9 | ¹ | |
| ² | 0178 | U+00B2 | ² | |
| ³ | 0179 | U+00B3 | ³ |
Characters A - Z, a-z
| Character | ASCII | ISO/IEC 8859-1 |
Unicode | HTML | Character | ASCII | ISO/IEC 8859-1 |
Unicode | HTML | |
| A | 65 | 065 | U+0041 | A | a | 97 | 097 | U+0061 | a | |
| B | 66 | 066 | U+0042 | B | b | 98 | 098 | U+0062 | b | |
| C | 67 | 067 | U+0043 | C | c | 99 | 099 | U+0063 | c | |
| D | 68 | 068 | U+0044 | D | d | 100 | 0100 | U+0064 | d | |
| E | 69 | 069 | U+0045 | E | e | 101 | 0101 | U+0065 | e | |
| F | 70 | 070 | U+0046 | F | f | 102 | 0102 | U+0066 | f | |
| G | 71 | 071 | U+0047 | G | g | 103 | 0103 | U+0067 | g | |
| H | 72 | 072 | U+0048 | H | h | 104 | 0104 | U+0068 | h | |
| I | 73 | 073 | U+0049 | I | i | 105 | 0105 | U+0069 | i | |
| J | 74 | 074 | U+004A | J | j | 106 | 0106 | U+006A | j | |
| K | 75 | 075 | U+004B | K | k | 107 | 0107 | U+006B | k | |
| L | 76 | 076 | U+004C | L | l | 108 | 0108 | U+006C | l | |
| M | 77 | 077 | U+004D | M | m | 109 | 0109 | U+006D | m | |
| N | 78 | 078 | U+004E | N | n | 110 | 0110 | U+006E | n | |
| O | 79 | 079 | U+004F | O | o | 111 | 0111 | U+006F | o | |
| P | 80 | 080 | U+0050 | P | p | 112 | 0112 | U+0070 | p | |
| Q | 81 | 081 | U+0051 | Q | q | 113 | 0113 | U+0071 | q | |
| R | 82 | 082 | U+0052 | R | r | 114 | 0114 | U+0072 | r | |
| S | 83 | 083 | U+0053 | S | s | 115 | 0115 | U+0073 | s | |
| T | 84 | 084 | U+0054 | T | t | 116 | 0116 | U+0074 | t | |
| U | 85 | 085 | U+0055 | U | u | 117 | 0117 | U+0075 | u | |
| V | 86 | 086 | U+0056 | V | v | 118 | 0118 | U+0076 | v | |
| W | 87 | 087 | U+0057 | W | w | 119 | 0119 | U+0077 | w | |
| X | 88 | 088 | U+0058 | X | x | 120 | 0120 | U+0078 | x | |
| Y | 89 | 089 | U+0059 | Y | y | 121 | 0121 | U+0079 | y | |
| Z | 90 | 090 | U+005A | Z | z | 122 | 0122 | U+007A | z |
Control codes
| Character | ASCII | ISO/IEC 8859-1 |
Unicode | HTML |
| NUL (Null) | 0 | U+0000 | ||
| SOH (Start of heading) | 1 | U+0001 | <h1> | |
| STX (Start of text) | 2 | U+0002 | <body> | |
| ETX (End of text) | 3 | U+0003 | </body> | |
| EOT (End of transmit) | 4 | U+0004 | ||
| ENQ (Enquiry) | 5 | U+0005 | ||
| ACK (Acknowledgment) | 6 | U+0006 | ||
| BEL (Audible bell) | 7 | U+0007 | ||
| BS (Backspace) | 8 | U+0008 | ||
| HT (Horizontal tab) | 9 | U+0009 | ||
| LF (Line feed) | 10 | U+000A | ||
| VT (Vertical tab) | 11 | U+000B | ||
| FF (Form feed) | 12 | U+000C | ||
| CR (Carriage return) | 13 | U+000D | <br> | |
| SO (Shift out) | 14 | U+000E | <blockquote> | |
| SI (Shift in) | 15 | U+000F | </blockquote> | |
| DLE (Data link escape) | 16 | U+0010 | ||
| DC1 (Device control 1) | 17 | U+0011 | ||
| DC2 (Device control 2) | 18 | U+0012 | ||
| DC3 (Device control 3) | 19 | U+0013 | ||
| DC4 (Device control 4) | 20 | U+0014 | ||
| NAK (Neg. acknowledge) | 21 | U+0015 | ||
| " SYN (Synchronous idle) | 22 | U+0016 | ||
| ETB (End trans. block) | 23 | U+0017 | ||
| CAN (Cancel) | 24 | U+0018 | ||
| EM (End of medium) | 25 | U+0019 | ||
| SUB (Substitution) | 26 | U+001A | ||
| ESC (Escape) | 27 | U+001B | ||
| FS (File separator/Figure shift) | 28 | U+001C | ||
| GS (Group separator) | 29 | U+001D | <div> | |
| RS (Record separator) | 30 | U+001E | ||
| US (Unit separator) | 31 | U+001F |
n.b. The first 256 Unicode values represent the same characters as ISO 8859-1
The complete unicode character set runs to over 90,000 entries.
Entering character codes at the terminal:
In Windows to input a 4 digit decimal ISO/IEC code, hold down the ALT key, type e.g. 0164 on the numeric keypad, then release ALT.
In bash type echo $'\xNN' where NN is a two digit (hex) unicode, this covers the Hex values 20 to 7e as shown below:
<space>!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789 :;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ [\]^_` abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
bash will also accept the following special characters with Alt-key and Alt-Shift-key combinations:
¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾ ¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓ ÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛ ÜÝ Þßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïð ñòóôõö÷ø ùúûüýþÿ
(equivalent to Hex A1-FF)
Extended Ascii Characters
At one time there were many versions of the extended ASCII set (128-255), used to provide (limited) foreign language and graphics support, this is the most popular set.
These are not compatible with ISO or unicode
and are no longer used in modern systems.
"Smart data structures and dumb code works a lot better than the other way around" - Eric S. Raymond
Related:
Decimal to Hex conversion
Ascii table in numeric order
DecodeUnicode - information on every character (Wiki)
Ishida's online unicode converter
Unicode characters - Wikipedia
Quotation mark glyphs - Wikipedia
Unicode characters - FileFormat.info
Pronunciation guide
Unicode in MS Office
ISO 8859-1 - Wikipedia
Unicode.org
Amazon book:- Unicode Explained by Jukka Korpela
